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| 1884 |
| | | US-born British inventor Hiram Maxim demonstrates the first prototype of his machine gun, using the recoil force to eject the spent cartridge and insert a new one | |
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| c. 1895 |
| | | General Alfred von Schlieffen devises plans for a potential two-pronged attack against France and Russia in a swift war | |
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| 1898 |
| | | Germany passes the first of four Fleet Acts, reflecting the determination of Alfred von Tirpitz to build a navy equal to that of Britain | |
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| 1905 |
| | | The first German submarine, or U-boat, is constructed in a programme to catch up with Britain and France in this area | |
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| 1906 |
| | | Britain launches HMS Dreadnought, the first of a massive new class of battleship | |
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| 1906 |
| | | In direct response to Britain's new Dreadnought, Germany increases the production of battleships | |
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| 1911 |
| | | Germany causes international alarm by sending a warship to Agadir, a port in French-controlled Morocco | |
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| 1912 |
| | | The Kaiser and his advisers decide to postpone a preventive war against France and Russia | |
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| 1912 |
| | | By a prearranged plan Greece, Bulgaria and Serbia together launch the First Balkan War against Turkey | |
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| 1912 |
| | | An armistice agreed between the Ottoman empire and three of the Balkan states ends the war in the Balkans | |
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